judahs Triumph :: essays research papers

Judahs TriumphWilliam Wyler is the director of the 1959 award-winning version of Ben-Hur. The celluloid is an adaptation of General Lew Wallaces novel. Karl Tunberg is credited with the actual screenplay. Sam Zimbalist was the original producer of Ben-Hur, provided he died before the completion of filming. The two main characters ar Judah Ben-Hur (Charlton Heston) and Messala (Stephen Boyd). Another important person involved in this film is Miklos Rozsa. He composed the award-winning musical score in a total of eight weeks.Ben-Hur was released in New York City on November 18, 1959, and in Los Angeles on November 24, 1959. It was re-released in the USA in 1969. This film has grossed $70 million in the United States alone. As for location, this film was shot in entirely in Italy. Ben-Hur is one of two films to win eleven Academy Awards, the other movie being Titanic. The awards include go around leading and supporting actors, best cinematography, best director, best music, best s ound, and more. This film has some interesting behind the scenes trivia, most of which is in connection to the stadium or the chariot racing. According to The Internet Movie Database the design of the stadium was a controversy. MGM asked an archaeologist what the stadium in Jerusalem had looked like. Roman, came the reply. A second archaeologist was asked. It was in a Phoenician style, he said. A third archaeologist was consulted, who said Stadium? I was not aware that Jerusalem had one MGM engineers eventually sit down down and carefully studied Ben-Hur (1926), and based their design on that. Another intriguing fact is during the chariot race Charlton Hestons stunt double was flipped out(p) of the chariot. The stunt man hung on to the reigns and climbed back into the chariot. That blooper was left in the film to add more action. Marketing for this film was almost as risky as the movie itself. Hundreds of toys were created, as well as Ben-his and Ben-hers bathroom towels. The Int ernet Movie Database also points out another big goof in editing. golf-club chariots start the chariot race. After the first crash, there appear still to be nine chariots in the race. After the third crash, six are shown, but as Ben Hur passes to catch up, clearly there are a total of seven in the race. After five have crashed, five are left. Messala is the sixth chariot to crash, but Ben Hur and three others finish the race.

Brave New World Essay -- essays papers

Brave New humanness Aldous Huxleys Brave New World is a fictitious story about a futureutopian society where people argon mass-produced in laboratories. populate haveno emotions in this world where drugs and promiscuous sex are greatlyencouraged. People are given labels according to their pre-natal intelligenceassignment. These different classes all have specific roles within society andnobody is unhappy with their place. The Brave New World he was a fictitiousstory that sets up a symbolic mirror to our world that dooms the reader what ourworld is slowly evolving to.As young children, the utopians are conditioned to practice certain rituals,to later benefit society as a whole through the stability that these practices bring.One of the acts that the children are taught to do is protrude to experiment sexuallyat a very young age. This will prevent sexual anxiety in their adult years. Sexualplay is greatly encouraged to the point that a special time is set for children toexpe rience an erotic play. In the garden it was playtime. Naked in the warmJune sunshine, six or seven hundred little boys and girls were running (Huxley 30). As they grow older, sexual promiscuity becomes a requirement among theadults. In order for them to keep a inactive society, the utopians cannot risk strongemotions among its people, if it is allowed people will be preoccupied withemotion thus leading to under production. The attitudes of the utopians supportideas of no monogamy. As one reference point said, You ought to be careful. Its suchhorribly bad form to go on and on like this with one man (Huxley 41). Huxleycommented on his storys relevance to the current time (Huxleys book waspublished in 1932), with resp... ...eality that allow a person to be happy when theyre down, Prozacis beneficial one of many drugs with this purpose. Prozac is advertised as somethingthat can solve any and all everyday blues. Many people in the world substance abuse Prozacin order to make them h appy and to take away their problems, just the same waythe people of Brave New World do with soma.Through out this story, Huxley uses the practices these people do as anexample to show modern day readers by mirroring what our society couldbecome if were not careful. Huxley uses these comparisons to show that theBrave New World could happen. He writes about this also in his forward, Allthings considered it looks as though Utopia were far closer to us than anyone,only 15 years ago, could have imagined.BibliographyHuxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 1932.

1980 African American Education :: essays research papers

1980s African American EducationAmount of Blacks in college     1980 Impressive 718,000     1987 Growing more slowly, 855,000*1988 slew back down to 785,000*In 1988, the enrollment of black men declined, while it increased for women. There were 179,000 black women in college, then black men. Percent suppurate of highs school graduates going to college     1960-1970 Males exceeded women     1980s women overtake men and never lost the leadPopular concentration in education in the 1980s1981 business and forethought were the most popular of all black bachelors degree recipients. 13,325 blacks earned a bachelors degree in business and forethought (40% earned in historically black colleges). The Black and White Gap"The average scores of black students beget remained well below those of whites, and at age 17, the reading achievement of black students was lower last year than it was in 1988a depressing reversal of the gains made over the previous two decades," Michael T. Nettles, the fault chairman of the National Assessment Governing Board, said at a press conference held here recently last month to release the results. The unaffiliated panel oversees National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)In just about every age group and in every subject, the test-score gap surrounded by white and African-American students has grown since 1986, reversing a trend in which the discrepancies decreased from the time the exams were first given in 1969, 1971, and 1973. Since the mid-1980s, gaps in several subjects and age groups have grown by statistically significant amounts.Resegregation occurring againStudies finds the causes for resegregation stemming from a number of social and political factors a series of court rulings beginning in the late 1980s that reversed many of the desegregation orders, the growing isolation of whites in suburban schools, and the increasing segregatio n of blacks and Hispanics in suburban schools.

Thigh Creams :: Media Self Image Papers

Thigh CreamsAs we approach the twenty-first century, the western world has become progressively preoccupied with idealizing thin women. As young women argon socialized they are exposed to images in the news media which perpetuates the vision that thin women are happy and successful. These are the role models to which women look up to, creating increasing pressure to live up to such an ideal. Desperate to achieve a figure that rivals Elle Mcpherson, women are willing to soften exorbitant costs, and sacrifice, trying almost anything to look like modern societys ideal woman.As the mediums for sale to advertisements continue to expand so do the number of products available claiming and guarantying lading loss or firming effects. Women shell out billions of dollars each year hoping that one of these miracle products will finally render them thin, after all thin is beautiful, powerful? However, a woman can be thin and still have cellulite, so does this mean that she is non beautiful? The media has taught women that cellulite is a lifelong battle that mustiness be waged. If Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, and Rachel Hunter certainly dont have cellulite, why should the average American woman? So we are given a plethora of products to chose from which promise to fool us all super models. So what is the problem? It is highly unlikely that none of the super models have cellulite, as it is an affliction which is common to women of all weight ranges. Also, super models have an advantage that the rest of us do not, their photographs may be digitally enhanced to reduce something as unsightly as cellulite. The augmentative industry has jumped on the opportunity to profit from women who perceive their bodies to be inadequate or at the very least, less than ideal. If these products were not hot sellers than there would not be such a variety available on the market.As a woman who has fallen prey to societal pressures and purchased two different miracle thigh creams, I was wondering do these creams work for others even though I, personally, didnt find much of a difference? After all a picture says a thousand words, and everyone has seen those advertisements with the before and after pictures, why hadnt I achieved such results? I was then given the motivation I needed to find out the come when I was given an assignment to research the claims of a health product.

E-campus.com :: essays research papers

Ecampus.comq     Product- Ecampus.com is an internet company that mountain passs a wide variety of college supplies and other related items online. However, the start upicular product that is being groceryed is college textbooks and books. In fact Ecampus.com claims to be the largest college bookstore online, and to have all books in print available to customers. q     Price- In terms of price, Ecampus.com offers their product at an affordable, discounted price comp ard to the typical bookstore price. Having books available at an affordable price for college students is one of the companys main concern and is evident in their mission statement, as it claims "to furnish the easiest, fastest and cheapest way for college and university students to buy textbooks and stuff". On the web site the company also displays the actual price of the book being bought and the price they offer it at, in order let the students be aware of how much they are saving.q     Promotion- Ecampus.com have gone through great lengths to promote their company, especially during the summer of 1999, which round the time when they officially launched their company to the overt. Their promotion efforts during the period were extremely vital to the companys growth since they had just recently entered the market and also because the school period was presently the start shortly. On July 2, 1999, Ecampus.com officially went live with their web site, during a press conference, which was held in order to introduce their company to the public. Their promotion efforts continued to reach the public through, the internet and mass media. Various commercials for instance, began to surface nationwide, directed primarily for their target market, which were college students. Ecampus.com also chose other channels of promoting their service, which includes flyers on college campuses and magazine ads.q     Place- Th e great thing almost Ecampus.com is an internet company and is accessible via the computer, which makes it all the more convenient for the customers to shop. This aspect of the company gives them the advantage over other retail bookstores that are not online and are limited to only a small portion of the market. By making Ecampus.com strictly and internet company, they are able grab a large part of the market share since they are open to the public at a global scale, rather than on a local scale.Target Market-College studentsq     Demographically/Psychographically- Ecampus.com target their market on the demographic basis of sex, age, occupation and income.

E-campus.com :: essays research papers

Ecampus.comq     Product- Ecampus.com is an internet company that offers a wide variety of college supplies and other related items online. However, the primary product that is being marketed is college textbooks and books. In item Ecampus.com claims to be the largest college bookstore online, and to have totally books in print on tap(predicate) to customers. q     Price- In terms of price, Ecampus.com offers their product at an affordable, discounted price compared to the typical bookstore price. Having books available at an affordable price for college students is one of the companys main concern and is evident in their mission statement, as it claims "to provide the easiest, fastest and cheapest way for college and university students to buy textbooks and cloth". On the web site the company also displays the actual price of the book being bought and the price they offer it at, in order let the students be aware of how much they are saving.q     Promotion- Ecampus.com have gone through great lengths to promote their company, especially during the summer of 1999, which around the time when they officially launched their company to the public. Their furtherance efforts during the period were extremely vital to the companys growth since they had just recently entered the market and also because the school period was soon the start shortly. On July 2, 1999, Ecampus.com officially went stand up with their web site, during a press conference, which was held in order to introduce their company to the public. Their promotion efforts continued to reach the public through, the internet and mass media. Various commercials for instance, began to impart air nationwide, directed primarily for their target market, which were college students. Ecampus.com also chose other channels of promoting their service, which includes flyers on college campuses and magazine ads.q     Place- The great thing about Ecampus.com is an internet company and is accessible via the computer, which makes it all the more convenient for the customers to shop. This aspect of the company gives them the advantage over other retail bookstores that are not online and are limited to only a weensy portion of the market. By making Ecampus.com strictly and internet company, they are able grab a large part of the market share since they are open to the public at a global scale, rather than on a local scale.Target Market-College studentsq     Demographically/Psychographically- Ecampus.com target their market on the demographic basis of sex, age, business line and income.

Evaluate Is Acceptance Model Essay

there atomic number 18 many models fork up been developed to understand the factors affecting the acceptance of computer technology such as hypothesis of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975, Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985, 1991), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989), Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) (Taylor & Todd, 1995), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and lend oneself of Technology (UTAUT) (Venkatesh et al., 2003). TRA proposes that individual beliefs influence attitudes which will create designings that will generate sort. There are two major factors that determine behavioral intentions which are the souls attitude toward the behavior and subjective norms. Attitude toward the behavior refers to the persons judgment that performing the behavior is goodness or bad consort to his or her belief. While the subjective norms are a function of normative beliefs that reflect the persons perception of social pressures put on him or her to perform or not to perform the behavior in question.TRA modelTPB is an expansion of the TRA. TPB includes the construct, perceived behavioral control to measure and account for the extent to which substance abusers have complete controls everyplace their behavior. Perceived behavioral control relates to the extent to which the person believes that she or he has control over personal or external factors that may facilitate or constrain the behavioral performance.TPB modelTAM pioneered by Davis advances the TRA by postulating that perceived expediency (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) are place determinants that lead to the actual usage of a particular technology or establishment. Perceived usefulness is the degree to which an individual believes that using a particular form would enhance his or her productivity while perceived ease of use is the degree an individual believes that using a particular system would be handsome of effort.TAM modelDT PB was formulated through combination of both TAM and TPB, which was intended for providing better understanding of behavioral intention byconcentrating on the factors that are likely to impact systems use. This model explores dimensions of subjective norms and perceived behavior control through decomposing them into particular belief perception whilst constructs from the innovation characteristics has also been regarded as the nucleotide of DTPM formulation. DTPB also offer a clearer understanding of behavior and behavioral intention by giving detailed information about impacts of normative and control beliefs over system usage.DTPM modelUTAUT had synthesized the eight prominent user acceptance models including the TRA, TAM, the motivational model (MM), TPB, a model combining the technology acceptance model and the system of planned behavior (C-TAM-TPB), the model of PC utilization (MPCU) (Ronald et al., 1994 Thompson & Higgins, 1991), the innovation diffusion theory, and the soc ial cognitive theory (SCT) (Compeau et al., 1999 and Compeau & Higgins, 1995). This model was formulated with four core determinants of intention and usage including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence and facilitating conditions and also with up to four moderators of key counting gender, experience, age and voluntariness of use. However, the authors argue that in order to sanction this model, the culture also need to take consideration since different culture can affect the acceptance behavior among user towards the computer technology.UTAUT modelThere are more theories that had been developed and many variables had used to evaluate the IS/IT acceptance rate. For example, the interactive model of technology acceptance and comfort (IMTAS) which integrate the user satisfaction with and user acceptance of IT. This model expands user satisfaction and user acceptance into SME sector simultaneously as two basic constructs of system usage behavior (as the key measure of IT success) while addresses specific characteristics of SMEs such as resource constraints, management method and direct interaction of SME users with external surrounds. Base on this model, user satisfaction can be influenced by user connotement, system quality, and information quality. High quality of information and system enable the user to produce good decision making, hence, increase the user satisfaction.However, user involvement is the key determinant of user satisfaction since high user involvement allow the userinvolve in major area of the system which this give the user opportunity to enjoy most of the benefits of the system. User satisfaction will increase the usage of the system and the usage will be even higher if the system has high user friendliness. Another key determinant that influence the system usage in SMEs is user computer competence. User computer competence can be enhance through providing training by assuming that assistance of SMEs external env ironment have a crucial impact on the success of newly implemented IS by increasing SME user acceptance and satisfaction since SMEs are typically suffering from lack of resources such as internal expertise, knowledge and user skills. The training can influence the perceived ease of use and perceived of usefulness among user, hence, influence the user attitude and intention which than influence the actual usage of a system in SMEs.

Written Analysis and Communication (WAC) †Assignment

1.Situation AnalysisHolmesafe Ltd.s air has been growing steadily, with profits and client base increasing year on year. Increasing demand of advisory run resulted in additional fee income for the company and improved its product support. As a result of this growth, the company has recently expanded by adding new premises, subscribe new contracts and recruiting full time employees.Holmesafe Ltd.s largest client is Dawsons Ltd. Dawsons has been a loyal customer and is much valued being the companys very first client. Frank Jackson, the chief buyer at Dawsons was offered directors post owing to the support provided by him during the initial pattern of the company. However, Jackson refused the offer after considering the advice from his supervisor, Harry Thomas, who raised concerns about conflict of interest.Mid-way through Holmesafe Ltd.s second year of operation, George Holmes, the founder of the company received a phone call from Jackson informing him that he was under pressure t o evaluate the possibility of shifting Dawsons business to another supplier (Browns). tally to Jackson, Browns had improved their manufacturing methods and were extremely competitive and very reliable. In the same conversation, he also expressed his personal need to generate additional income and sought Holmess advice on how to go about doing so.George Holmes requested for some time and set up a lunch meeting next Saturday to discuss the matter.2.ProblemPossible loss of business from Dawsons Ltd. and threat of competition from Browns (and possibly other companies).3.OptionsA.Retain Dawsons Business B.Let go of Dawsons Business C.Expand Market (Reduce reliance on Dawsons)4.Evaluation CriteriaI.Adverse impact to revenue II.Adverse impact to Referrals /New Business (owing to negative reputation) iii.Adverse impact to Business Plan (for the future)6.RecommendationBased on the above evaluation, it is recommended that Dawsons business must be retained. Expansion of grocery store will n ot have as much impact to business as the impact the other options will.7.Action PlanA.Meet Jackson with a proposal toI. Improve the vivacious pricing and service terms in order to retain the business, and thereby make a counter offer to what the competitor Browns seem to have provided to Dawsons.II. tolerate a revenue share to Jackson as an additional incentive for helping maintain a long standing relationship and being Holmess most valued client.8.Contingency PlanEngage directly with Harry Thomas in case the deal with Frank Jackson is not struck. As Jacksons supervisor, this may be an alternative recourse for the company in order to help retain the business.

Medical Marijuana and Its Uses and Effects

Hastings Center Report, 36(3), 19-22. Cones credibility as a trustworthy author is indisputable, beca work of altogether of his accomplishments. He was a professor of anesthesiology at the University of atomic number 91 medical examination checkup exam school, the chairman of the Society of Academic Anesthesiology, and of the health check Society of the District of Columbia. Cones frame of referenceal article mainly focuse on the lack of scientific reason of the therapeutic use of cannabis, and how people were being prosecuted for using medical marijuana even though it was legal by state law.His purpose throughout was to make scientists to perform research and testing of medical marijuana. He began taking about the Supreme Court case of Gonzales v. Rich, which ruled that the production and use of home-grown marijuana potty be criminality. Rich legally grew marijuana for her own medical use under Californians Proposition 21 5, but she was still prosecuted by the federal go vernment. Cohen smartly apply Roachs example to picture that medical marijuana needs further testing to show the extent of its benefits.He manipulated the consultations emotions by describing Rich as a 39 year old mother who had struggled with disabling ailments since she was a child, yet miraculously marijuana made her strong enough to stand p and learn to manner of walking again. Cones tone throughout the article was very skeptical. For example, he referred to marijuana as an unproven therapy, and compared its use without scientific evidence to using liniments of turpentine for curing cancer. He alike use pathos and logos to depict the political barriers to obtaining valid studies of medical marijuana.For example, Cohen used the story of how he had to wait four years to move to obtain marijuana legally from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NADIA) to perform clinical studies of its effectiveness, and then later was rejected. Cotter, J. (2009). Efficacy of crude marijuan a and synthetic delta-9- dehydrogenations as treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting A systematic literature review. Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(3), 345-352. Jaime Cotters credibility as an author could be seen as reliable, although he has only written one article on medical marijuana.Cotter is an oncology clinical nurse specialist at Aurora SST. Lakes Medical Center in clean Berlin, WI. , which affects his perspective on the uses of medical marijuana, which is that marijuana is better for treating perseverings with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINE). His targeted audience was by and large nurses and medical students. The goal of Cotters article was to evaluate side effects and patient preference of smoked marijuana to the oral version of marijuana, TECH. Also he wanted to encourage fellow nurses to suggest the use of the TECH for treatment of CINE to their patients and physician associates.Cotters article gave a general overview of the history of marij uana and its uses, and it compared smoked marijuana to TECH and placebo for treating CINE, by gathered research from published scholarly articles. He used logos to convince his audience f the impossibility of death by a marijuana overdose, by reporting that the absence of cannoning receptors in the lower brain stem makes the probability for lethal overdoses impossible. Cotter also honestly stated that the adverse side effects of medical marijuana such as impaired memory, garble perception, and anxiety.He continued is persuasive remarks by stating that all drugs have their own unique side- effect, which is undeniable. Hathaway, A. D. , & Roister, K. (2007). Medical marijuana, community building, and Canadas forbearanceate societies. Contemporary Justice Review, 10(3), 283-296. Hathaway and Rosettes credibility paled in proportion to the other authors even though their Journal was well researched. Hathaway works at the University of Gulchs department of sociology and anthropology, and he has a PhD. Roister also has a PhD and she works in the department of public health science at the University of Toronto.The main goal of their Journal was to shed light on the obstacles that patients go through to obtain medical marijuana, and to expose clandestine communities like compassion clubs that helped patients to gain access he medical marijuana. The authors stance was in support of medical use of marijuana. Their Journal was mostly give out general deposeation on the historical and present use of medical marijuana. Their main focus was to elaborate on the difficulty of patients to arrive at access to medical marijuana through physicians, and how it caused them to go to other unreliable sources to gain medical treatment.The authors gathered research by going to a compassion club to perform face-to-face interviews with people that used marijuana for medicinal purposes. The author used he interviews as a way to manipulate the audience to believe that the compassion c lubs were a safe haven for patients seeking marijuana treatment. They depicted that the clubs provided a wealth of information about medical marijuana and spared the patients form the dangers of buying street drugs. Season, M. J. , Fast, J. A. , Maria, M. , & ABA-Shears, N. A. (2007). Medical marijuana and the developing role of the pharmacist.American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 64(10), 1037-1044. The authors of this text are highly creditable, because they all reactive within pharmaceutical companies, and nigh are practicing pharmacists themselves. That fact totally shaped the goal of their article, which was to encourage fellow pharmacists to learn as much as possible about the medical and tender histories of marijuana. The authors perspectives on medical marijuana was that it is a drug that should be used with caution and can have potentially adverse side- effects, especially if it interacts with prescription drugs.The authors used logos to convince the audience that th e lack of scientific research is due to the fact the deiced marijuana is tightly regulated product, and its quality clinical trials are limited. The authors used ethos by naming prestigious institutes such as the Institute of Medicine and the House of Lords to support their claim that medical marijuana does have some value. The authors also made unsupported claims of marijuana being associated with adverse effects that impair the cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous system. Tooting, W. , Collect, J. , Shapiro, S. & Ware, M. A. (2008). Adverse effects of medical cannabises A systematic review. ECMA Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(13), 1669-1678. The authors article overall is creditable as a source for general information on medical marijuana, but they sometimes make claims without whatever proof to support them. All of the authors have occupations relative to health care. This whole article in a nutshell, was about a systematic review of medical marijuana by evaluatin g eligible articles that were published in the past 40 years, their results, and their interpretation.The purpose was to report known adverse effects of marijuana, so their Journal could inform physicians, policymakers and the public. The authors used logos in the way that they performed systematic review, so that could persuade their audience that they were creditable and well informed. Also they used varied types of graphs to visually show their results, and to impress the audience. According to the authors, medical marijuana has a risk factor for psychosis, cancer, and neurologist effects.That study was focused on the recreational use of marijuana, so it cannot be trusted, because it is not relevant to medical uses. Ware, A. M. , Kahn, M. , Assertive, A. (2006). Is there a role for marijuana in medical practice? Canadian Family Physician, 52, 1531-1533. Ware, Kahn, and Secretariats Journal was highly credible and useful. They all had professions that relate to health and medicine , so they could easily be declared reliable authors. Ware was a practicing pain physician and assistant professor in anesthesia and family medicine.Kahn was medical director of the addiction medical service and head of the alcohol clinic at SST. Josephs Health Centre for addiction and mental health. Also Assertive was a staff physician at SST. Josephs Health Centre and a clinical researcher. Their Journal entry was basically two opposing sides debating on whether marijuana use belongs in medical practice. The authors goal was to show both sides of the marijuana debate to educate patients and physicians. Both side made strong points that supported their opinions.For example, the side for medical marijuana stated that marijuana could be cultivated under controlled conditions, which could reduce the risk of patients being prosecuted, and it could be documented and monitored as part of standard care. On the side against medical marijuana, they stated and oral TECH and a buyback spray ar e available, which is safer than smoking dried marijuana. Also they declared that patients that use marijuana are in a high risk for adverse effects like dependence and psychosomatic impairment, due to approved daily amounts that patients can consume.

The Money Transfer Service – Competition in the global market

In any given market a lusty business is angiotensin-converting enzyme that looks for a strategy that will give it a competitive advantage over the rest of the players in the industry. This is key in lancinate the market and ensuring that it stays a notch above the others in the delivery of a good or service to its clientele. In many cases competition is kind of healthy, as articulated below with regard to the wars between Coke and Pepsi Companies in the United States The warfare must be perceived as a act battle without blood. Without Coke, Pepsi would defecate a tough time being an original and lively competitor.The more successful they are, the sharper we have to be. If the Coca-cola company didnt exist, wed pray for someone to invent them. And on the other side of the fence, am sure the folks at Coke would say that nothing contri barelyes as a great deal to the present day success of the Coca Cola Company than Pepsi. All types of businesses, however small they are, have had competition in one way or another. A mama mboga business will definitely have competition from the neighbours selling the product. At the beginning in that respect might seem to be none, but over time the competition emerges.Historical Background. The traditional electronic currency transfer services include but not limited to the following electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) service offered by banks, where monetary resource take one day to be transferred to the recipient. Real Time Gross Service (RTGS) here funds are transferred between banks within a span of two hours upon the instructions being issued by a client. This is a much faster approach than the EFT module, fortune as a big boost mainly to business people who need to seal deals faster. Telegraphic Transfers (TTs) this relates to the sending of funds from one country to another, and takes nearly four working hours.money Orders. These methods listed above require that one operates a bank account something considered a lu xury in many parts of the growing countries. Likewise in Kenya this proves a challenge especially for the people in the rural areas and the informal settlements. As mentioned above, this listing is not conclusive as there are other known conventional means of sending money that include the following Western Union Money Transfer Service Money Gram Money Transfer Service These two are phenomenon in sending of funds globally. Mobile Money Transfer Service No one ever envisaged that some day it would be possible to send funds using nomadic call offs.However Kenya has now been get intod to the foundation arena as a result of pioneering the mobile money transfer service, Safaricom synonymous with the m-pesa product. The mobile money transfer refers to the movement of money from one destination to another by put on of the mobile phone as a means of transfer. In essence this refers to translocation of e-money from one point to another without the involvement of physical translocation. The journey of mobile money transfer began in the early years of 2000, with the launching of Sokotele by the then Celtel mobile company.The service enabled one to send funds via mobile, where the transaction was initiated through a financial institution to the recipients mobile. The recipient then would walk to a branch of the financial institution and be paid. The m-pesa product worked on the said(prenominal) module but enhanced the same, by putting the power of money transfers in the hands of the cellphone owner. This meant the bank link was removed from the equation, with the people relations with each other through agents spread all over the country including the remote rural areas.The invention of the money transfer service has seen all the mobile companies in Kenya running the service, not ready to be left behind by the competitors. The facility is now spreading fast to other countries globally, albeit under diametric names. Competition The invention of the mobile money tr ansfer has brought about a revolution in the financial sector, affecting the forms of funds transfer as mentioned above. This is slowly permeating the global scene, with Kenya serving as the home of mobile money transfer. The new product has great implications on the financial sector, both positive and negative.Banks have since taking advantage of this technology to bring on board clientele that have adopted mobile money transfer. They have relied on this platform to introduce mobile banking to their clients, empowering them to have their bank accounts in their hands whereby they can withdraw funds from their accounts by use of the mobile phones and vice versa. On the downside of it, a greater portion of the population is now saving their money on the mobile money transfer facilities. The facility seems to be growing fast into an e-bank, which affects the deposits that are traditionally found in banks.This has seen banks aggressively move to the public in search of deposits, thereby giving large interest rates n the deposits, contrary to the outgoing where interest rates paid on deposits by banks were very low. The diversity of added provides on the main mobile money transfer service is making conclusion tight on banks. The adoption of M-Shwari encourages clients to save with the intention of borrowing, with the collateral being the savings as opposed to known collaterals such as land appellation deeds. The use of Western Union and Money Gram locally has declined due to the convenience of M-pesa, Airtel Money, Yu Cash and Orange Money in Kenya.With the spread of these facilities across the world (e. g. Airtel money in many African countries and India). With reduced demand for the formally established products, some of the providers have opted to partner with the money transfer service providers in order to tap into the great technology e. g. Western Union partnered with Safaricom, whereby funds can be send from overseas direct to ones phone in Kenya. The mo ney transfer service has also seen the introduction for card transfer services such as Nation Hela, whereby money can be dent from abroad direct to ones visa card, with a notification direct to the recipients phone.Currently payment of a fleck of bills is made direct from the phone as opposed to going to queuing to make payments e. g. electricity bills, water bills etc. Conclusion Kenya is fast becoming home to a number of world accredited money transfer services that are equally spreading across the globe. These are expected to bring about bad but healthy competition on the financial front. These great innovations shall force financial institutions to rethink their strategies find the best way to take competitive advantage.

Testbacksecurity

Chapter 2 Why Security is Needed square/FALSE1. In manakination securitys primary mission is to see that governances and their contents retain their confidentiality at all costs. autonomic nervous systemFPTS12. Information security safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization. autonomic nervous systemTPTS13. A firewall is a mechanism that keeps certain kinds of network traffic out of a private network. ANSTPTS14. An act of theft performed by a political hack falls into the category of theft, but is also often accompanied by defacement actions to delay discovery and thus may also be put within the category of hales of nature. ANSFPTS15. Two watchdog organizations that investigate allegations of software abuse SIIA and NSA. ANSFPTS16. A number of technical mechanismsdigital watermarks and embedded codification, copyright codes, and even the intentional placement of bad sectors on software media yield been used to enforce copyright laws. ANSTPTS17. A worm requires t hat some other program is running before it spate begin functioning. ANSFPTS18. A worm can deposit copies of itself onto all sack up servers that the infected system can reach, so that users who subsequently visit those sites become infected. ANSTPTS19. Attacks conducted by scripts are usually unpredictable. ANSFPTS110. honorable hackers are extremely talented individuals who usually devote lots of time and energy to attempting to break into other peoples information systems. ANSTPTS111. With the removal of copyright protection, software can be easily distributed and installed. ANSTPTS112. Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God can present some of the close to dangerous threats, because they are usually occur with very little warning and are beyond the control of people. ANSTPTS113.Much human error or failure can be prevented with training and ongoing awareness activities. ANSTPTS114. Compared to weave site defacement, vandalism within a network is slight catty in i ntent and much public. ANSFPTS115. With electronic information is stolen, the crime is readily apparent. ANSFPTS116. Organizations can use dictionaries to debar passwords during the reset process and thus guard against easy-to-guess passwords. ANSTPTS1 17. DoS efforts cannot be launched against routers. ANSFPTS118. A mail bomb is a form of DoS. ANSTPTS119.A sniffer program shows all the entropy going by on a network segment including passwords, the data wrong filessuch as word-processing documentsand screens full of sensitive data from applications. ANSTPTS120. A timing attack involves the interception of cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms. ANSTPTS1MODIFIEDTRUE/FALSE1. Intellectual situation is defined as the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas. _________________________ ANSTPTS12. The macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a estimators boot sector. __________________ ______ ANSF, boot PTS13. Once a(n) venture door has infected a computer, it can redistribute itself to all e-mail addresses found on the infected system. _________________________ ANSF virus worm PTS14. A(n) polymorphic threat is one that over time changes the way it appears to antivirus software programs, making it undetectable by proficiencys that look for preconfigured signatures. _________________________ ANSTPTS15. When voltage levels mint (experience a endorsementary increase), the extra voltage can severely damage or destroy equipment. ________________________ ANSF, spike PTS16. The shoulder looking technique is used in public or semipublic settings when individuals gather information they are not authorized to have by looking over another individuals shoulder or viewing the information from a distance. _________________________ ANSF, surfing PTS17. Hackers are people who use and create computer software to gain access to information illegally. _________________________ AN STPTS18. Packet kiddies use automated exploits to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks. _________________________ANSF, monkeys PTS19. The term phreaker is straight commonly associated with an individual who cracks or removes software protection that is designed to prevent unauthorized duplication. _________________________ ANSF, cracker PTS110. Cyberterrorists hack systems to conduct terrorist activities via network or mesh pathways. _________________________ ANSTPTS111. The malicious code attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information. _________________________ ANSTPTS112.The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password is called a brute crack attack. _________________________ ANSF, force PTS113. One form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS is called a mail spoof, in which an assailant routes large quantities of e-mail to the target. _________________________ ANSF, bomb PTS114. Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where theyre sometimes called packet sniffers. _________________________ ANSTPTS115. A(n) cookie can ply an attacker to collect information on how to access password-protected sites. ________________________ ANSTPTS1MULTIPLE CHOICE1. Which of the following functions does information security perform for an organization?a. defend the organizations ability to function.b. Enabling the safe operation of applications implemented on the organizations IT systems.c. Protecting the data the organization collects and uses.d. All of the above.ANSDPTS12. ____ is an integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, and legal agreements that can be used to support the entire information infrastructure of an organization.a. SSLb. PKIc. PKCd. SISANSBPTS13. ____ are software programs that haze over their true nature, and reveal their designed behavior only when activated.a. Virusesb. Wormsc. S pamd. Trojan horsesANSDPTS14. Which of the following is an example of a Trojan horse program?a. Netskyb. MyDoomc. Klezd. Happy99. exeANSDPTS15. As frustrating as viruses and worms are, perhaps more time and money is spent on resolving virus ____.a. false alarmsb. power faultsc. hoaxesd. urban legendsANSCPTS16. Web hosting services are usually arranged with an agreement providing minimum service levels known as a(n) ____.a. SSLb. SLAc. MSLd. MINANSBPTS17. Complete loss of power for a moment is known as a ____.a. sagb. faultc. brownoutd. blackoutANSBPTS18. Acts of ____ can lead to unauthorized real or virtual actions that enable information gatherers to enter premises or systems they have not been authorized to enter.a. bypassb. naturec. trespassd. securityANSCPTS19. There are generally two science levels among hackers expert and ____.a. noviceb. journeymanc. packet monkeyd. professionalANSAPTS110.One form of online vandalism is ____ operations, which throw in with or separate syste ms to protest the operations, policies, or actions of an organization or government agency.a. hacktivistb. phvistc. hackcyberd. cyberhackANSAPTS111. According to Mark Pollitt, ____ is the premeditated, politically motivated attacks against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents.a. infoterrorismb. cyberterrorismc. hackingd. crackingANSBPTS112. ___ is any technology that aids in gathering information active a person or organization without their knowledge.a. A botb. Spywarec. Trojand. WormANSBPTS113. The ____ data file contains the hashed representation of the users password.a. SLAb. SNMPc. FBId. SAMANSDPTS114. In a ____ attack, the attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target.a. denial-of-serviceb. distributed denial-of-servicec. virusd. spamANSAPTS115. A ____ is an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched agains t a target from many locations at the same time.a. denial-of-serviceb. distributed denial-of-servicec. virusd. spamANSBPTS116. ____ are machines that are directed remotely (usually by a transmitted command) by the attacker to enrol in an attack.a. Dronesb. Helpersc. Zombiesd. ServantsANSCPTS117. In the well-known ____ attack, an attacker monitors (or sniffs) packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network.a. zombie-in-the-middleb. sniff-in-the-middlec. server-in-the-middled. man-in-the-middleANSDPTS118.The ____ hijacking attack uses IP spoofing to enable an attacker to impersonate another entity on the network.a. WWWb. TCPc. FTPd. HTTPANSBPTS119. 4-1-9 fraud is an example of a ____ attack.a. fond engineeringb. virusc. wormd. spamANSAPTS120. Microsoft acknowledged that if you type a res// URL (a Microsoft-devised type of URL) which is longer than ____ characters in Internet Explorer 4. 0, the browser will crash.a. 64b. 128c. 256d. 512ANSCPTS1COMPLETI ON1. A(n) ____________________ is an object, person, or other entity that represents an ongoing danger to an asset.ANSthreat PTS12. Duplication of software-based intellectual property is more commonly known as software ____________________. ANSpiracy PTS13. A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform ____________________ actions. ANSmalicious PTS14. A(n) ____________________ is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program environment. ANSworm PTS15. A virus or worm can have a payload that installs a(n) ____________________ door or trap door component in a system, which allows the attacker to access the system at will with fussy privileges.ANSback PTS16. A momentary low voltage is called a(n) ____________________. ANSsag PTS17. Some information gathering techniques are quite legal, for example, using a Web browser to perform market research. These legal techniques are called, collectively, competitive ____________________. ANSintelligence PTS18. When information gatherers employ techniques that cross the doorway of what is legal or ethical, they are conducting industrial ____________________. ANSespionage PTS19. The expert hacker sometimes is called ____________________ hacker. ANSelite PTS110.Script ____________________ are hackers of limited skill who use expertly written software to attack a system. ANSkiddies PTS111. A(n) ____________________ hacks the public telephone network to make free calls or disrupt services. ANSphreaker PTS112. ESD means electrostatic ____________________. ANSdischarge PTS113. A(n) ____________________ is an act that takes advantage of a vulnerability to compromise a controlled system. ANSattack PTS114. A(n) ____________________ is an identified weakness in a controlled system, where controls are not present or are no longer effective. ANSvulnerability PTS115. Attempting to reverse-calculate a password is called ____________________. ANScracking PTS116. __________________ __ is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, wherein the intruder sends messages with a source IP address that has been forged to indicate that the messages are coming from a trusted host. ANSSpoofing PTS117. ____________________ is unsolicited commercial e-mail. ANSSpam PTS118. In the context of information security, ____________________ is the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the attacker.ANSsocial engineering PTS119. The timing attack explores the contents of a Web browsers ____________________. ANScache PTS120. A(n) ____________________ is an application error that occurs when more data is sent to a program buffer than it is designed to handle.ANS buffer overrun buffer overflow PTS1ESSAY1. List at least six general categories of threat.ANS Compromises to intellectual property piracy, copyright infringementSoftware attacks viruses, worms macros, denial of serviceDeviations in qual ity of service ISP, power, or wan service issues from service providers Espionage or trespass unauthorized access and /or data collectionSabotage or vandalism destruction of system or information Forces of nature Human error or failure Information extortion Missing, inadequate, or incomplete Missing, inadequate, or incomplete controls Theft Technical computer hardware failures or errors Technical software failures or errors Technological obsolescence PTS12. Describe viruses and worms.ANS A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform malicious actions.The code attaches itself to the existing program and takes control of that programs access to the targeted computer. The virus-controlled target program then carries out the viruss plan, by replicating itself into additional targeted systems. A worm is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program to provide a safe environment for replication. Worms can continue replicating them selves until they completely fill usable resources, such as memory, hard drive space, and network bandwidth. PTS13. Describe the capabilities of a sniffer.ANSA sniffer is a program or device that can monitor data traveling over a network.Sniffers can be used both for legitimate network management functions and for stealing information from a network. Unauthorized sniffers can be extremely dangerous to a networks security, because they are virtually impossible to detect and can be inserted well-nigh anywhere. Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where theyre sometimes called packet sniffers. A sniffer program shows all the data going by, including passwords, the data inside files and screens full of sensitive data from applications. PTS1

Gender

What Is grammatical gender oscillation? (4 marks) 1. 2 using examples, explain how gender oscillation takes place wealth families? (6 marks) 1. 3 localize and explain two possible problems that are a result of gender solicitation In the family. (4 marks) 1. 4 what strategies can be employed to redress problems relating to gender solicitation? (6 marks) Task 2- 4 typed pages, font 12, double spacing follow I am the Girl Child by Antitank Cabala When I was born in Imbue, you tied twigs on my cot saying I would be a fetcher of firewood.When I was born in Inner, you said four ululations for me and five-spot for my brother When I was born in Ethiopia, you said to give birth to a girl child was to bear a problem When I was born in Zambia, you said a girl is a peanut seed, she enlarges the clan When I was born in Somalia, you told me that women are children with big feet When I was born in Nigeria, you told me that women were responsible for do the sky go higher and higher so that we can not feed on it When I was born in Cameroon, you told me Women are half men Finally, when I was born in BurningFast, you said When a woman praises you for climbing, she is praising you for your falling My country, look at me My continent, my father, my mother, my brother, my sisters too. 2. 1 Identify and explain the gender Issues In the poem (5 marks) 2. 2 What are the identify and indirect causes of African societies negative perception of women as evidenced in the poem? (5 marks) 2. 3 How do such perceptions Influence the treatment of women and men In African societies? (5 marks) 2. 4 Give suggestions on what can be done to deconstruct such perceptions? (5 marks)

Detailed assessment of The Toy Essay

IntroductionI am a student at .College and I am doing The aboriginal Childhood c atomic number 18 and education Course FETAC Level 5. One of mandatory modules in this incline is Early Childhood Education and Play and The Toy Critique assignment is part of that. I give birth to choose a victimize and write detailed assessment ab emerge it. My chosen rook is The memoranda Locomotives set out made by Goki. Goki is the name of the stigmatise for high-quality woodlanden diddles at a fair price, ensuring that venial acts remain affordable. memorandum Locomotives puzzle is set of 32 wooden tiles with 4 different, photogenic locomotives and comes in overweight cardboard box. Each locomotive is in different colour. To draw plucks unitedly boor has to look at colours, pictures and shapes, wish well squ are and diamond.Aim, Objectives, RationaleMy aim of this assignment is to choose a toy that is equal for fryren in duration group 0-6 historic period and to assess and to examine it beneath(a) various headings. I ordain refresh it fewer than 40 criteria points and discuss the toy specific to P.I.L.E.S and the region of the adult in supporting victimize. I leave alone write up and evaluate my findings and give conclusion and recomm give upations at the end. I chose to critique memorandum Locomotive Puzzle for this assignment be gain it is a toy that my family members had gathered with for few years and children re in ally lives it.I incur filmed that sportsman is non only enjoyable, that it has a value to learning and suppuration as well. It is in lean that juvenility children encounter their own learning situations. Play facilitates societal skills and helps children to slang things from other peoples point of view. Play helps to volumeen the imagination of children and it isnecessary in cognitive sire outment. Through exercise, children develop a greater expertness to concentrate ( stuff and Hardy, 2013, pg 47).Aistear reco gnises the value of play in beforehand(predicate) learning and reading. Section 3 of the Good Practise Guidelines deals with the subject of play and its role in the other(a) childhood curriculum (Flood and Hardy, 2013, p 165)Aistear recognises the enormous body of research that give tongue tos that young children (particularly those aged 0-6) learn near effectively through and through play and that more directive methods do not work but truly curb childrens tail endcel desire to explore and discover (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 92). Going through this assignment I want to find out for what part of play and what stage of play. The memoranda Locomotive Puzzle is holdable and I want to see how it stands up in relation not only to play but to learning and developmental values too. I lead look at adults role in play activities regarding this toy and if there are e really changes to be made to rectify the toy. I will state my conclusion and give my barrackations at the end.Lis t of criteria1. Name of toy?Puzzle and Memo Locomotives.2. What is the price ply?It cornerstone be bought online at amazon.co.uk and it costs 24 euro, shipping is included.3. What is a brand for it?The brand is Goki.4. Who is a toy manufacturer?It is Gollnest & Kiesel KG, Germany.5. Is it ready available?Yes, it is and tin privy be bought online at amazon.co.uk.6. At what age group is it suitable?It is suitable for children from 2 years of age up to 6 years of age.7. Is it suitable for boys or girls?It can be played by boys and girls.8. Does it suit all cultures?Yes, it does.9. Is it suitable for children with ee particular(a)(a)(a) removes?Yes, it is. There could be some difficulties to mathematical function the puzzle if child has specific movement restrictions.10. Does it suit single or multiple players?It can be played by single child or up to four-spot children. There are 4 locomotive sets in the box and up to 4 children can play with it at the same time.11. Is it aesthe tically pleasing?Yes, it definitely is. The puzzle comes in four bright, contemporary colours red, blue, yellow and green. There are lovely, colourful, attractive motifs of animals and children illustrated on it.12. Is it educational?Yes, it is. It promotes physical, intellectual, language, activated and social development.13. Does it help to develop language?Yes, it does. Child names colours, shapes and animals and let outs almost pictures that appear when pieces are connected.14. Does it develop motor skills?Yes, it does. It is a great builder of fine motor skills as a child has to connect pieces without a glitch to deal a complete picture.15. Does it encourage imaginative play?No, it does not. This toy is more suitable for manipulation type of play.16. Does this toy switch any sensory benefits to the child?Yes, it does. Wood has single(a) character, smell and texture. This awakens the natural senses and kelps the child to recognize and understand natural materials.17. What size is it? Does it need a special storage?The puzzle comes in hard cardboard box sized 21x8x5 cm and does not need a special storage can be easily put on the shelf.18. Does it subscribe to batteries or does it need to be charged?No, it does not require batteries or charging.19. From what kind of material is it made of?It is a wooden toy.20. Is it durable?Yes, it is very durable. The puzzle is made from sturdy wood, so it is veryhard to cause any damage to it while it is utilise in playacting activities.21. What kind of texture does it be in possession of?It has smooth, raze and solid surface with warm feeling.22. Is it waterproof?It is not waterproof. But I had experienced that a small amount of water does not cause any damage to the toy.23. Is it washable or does it need special cleaning?It is not washable and does not need special cleaning. It can be cleaned with dump cloth.24. Is it for use indoor or outdoor?It is for indoor use, but can be played outdoors as well, if it i s not too wet.25. Is it moveable?Yes, it is. Child can move it, for example, from table to ground very easily.26. Is it takeout?Yes, it is. It comes in nice box with lid and is lightweight.27. Is it qualitative?Yes, it is. My family members have used this game for more than deuce-ace years and it still looks and feels the same as it was whet it was brand new. significant is qualitative and sturdy and printings have stayed on place till now.28. Is it good value for money?Yes, it is.29. Are parts of it replaceable?No, they are not.30. Are there takes of difficulty?No, there are not. But adults can make them up, like, asking the child to connect pieces by looking at colours. When child has appreciated it, adult can encourage the child to connect pieces matching the shapes.31. Are there supply packs available for it?No, there are no add-on packs available.32. Is it suitable for multiple purposes?No, it is not. But, if the child has an imagination, he can find another function, for example, use wooden pieces as a part of construction project.33. Is there a special instruction or programming require?The toy does not require programming or special instruction.34. Does it require an upgrade?No, it does not require an upgrade.35. Does it need an adult supervision?It does not require an adult supervision.36. Is it safe for children?Yes, it is. It is fully tested and manifest to meet all safety requirements.It has CE marking.37. Is there throttling risk?No, there is no choking risk. Each piece of puzzle is in size 57.7 cm and big enough to be safe for even a very small child.38. Is it flammable?No, it is not flammable. But it will sting if put in flame, because it is a wooden toy.39. Does it have a guarantee?No, it does not. But it can be returned to Amazon.co.uk within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.40. Is it recyclable?Yes, it is. It is made from wood and wood is a natural made material which can be subjected to recycling.41. Are there reviews about the toy?No, I couldnt find any reviews about this particular toy.Detailed assessment of the Toy ab initio I rig out for what type of play my chosen toy can be used for. There are several types of play, but to my chosen Locomotives Puzzle fits Manipulative type of play that is under strong-arm form of play by Moyless forms of play (Beaver et al, 2001, p471). Manipulative play involves practising and refining motor skills. This type of play enhances physical dexterity and hand-eye co-ordination. Over time children need to experience a range of different levels of manipulation if they are to refine their motor skills. This type of play includes manipulating objects and materials (NCCA, 2009, pg 54) Manipulative play includes using puzzles, threading, playdough, carpentry, construction sets and blocks (Department of Education, Training and Employment, 2012, pg2).In this type of play the child has to manipulate with puzzle pieces by lifting, bend and placing them. Thistoy can be a part of Intellectual play as well as it helps child to discover and learn colours, shapes and counting and has a benefit to memory skills. This toy can be tested under five areas of benefits to development that links with Aistears themes.Aistear recognises the enormous body of research that shows that young children (particularly those aged 0-6) learn most effectively through play and that more directive methods do not work but actually curb childrens natural desire to explore and discover. This section describes how play benefits all five areas of development intellectual, language, emotional and social (PILES). This links with Aistears four themes wellbeing, identity and belonging, communicating, and exploring and idea (Flood and Hardy, 2013, p 165). I will look closer how my chosen toy can benefit all five areas of children development.Physical Development WellbeingPhysical play is very key and essential to children development. Physical play () promotes gross-motor skills. Children d evelop balance and increase co0ordinaton trough practising skills such as running, jumping, climbing, skipping, walking on tip-toe, hopping, pedalling, etcetera Physical play also promotes health and wellbeing because it increases appetite and tires children so that they sleep well. Physical development also involves the development and refinement of fine-motor skills creative and construction play are both particularly in effect(p) in this area (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 92). Physical development and health is also one of Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs) that together form a framework that guides t distributivelyers in the planning process of beneficial learning experiences for the children in their administer ( Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 61).There are 4 KDIs that relate to physical development and health. This toy is valuable to fine-motor skills. Small-muscle or fine-motor development also is included in the physical development of a child, and deals with such areas as smili ng, choice up a fork or tying a shoe. Small-muscle development is evident as infants take hold cereal to put in their mouths and is enhanced by activities such as picking up blocks or drawing with crayons (Brotherson, 2006, pg 2). Playing with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle the child has to lift and turn pieces, and sort them in groups. Children have to do accurate movements to connect pieces thus getting the complete picture of the train.Children develop control and strength in their fingers by doing that. These things are very essential to educational process at later stage, for example, to manus and drawing practise.Intellectual Development Exploring and ThinkingIntellectual, cognitive development takes a big part in childrens overall development. Cognitive development includes the development of each of the following imagination, creativity, memory skills, concentration skills, problem-solving skills, concept information (Flood, 2013, pg 96). And playing has important role in i ntellectual development. Through play children can explore and think about a wide range of concepts in a non-threatening way. Play cannot be misuse so children are much more likely to take risks with their learning when they are engaged in play (Flood et al, 2013, pg 93). Through play with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle children can explore colours and shapes.This toy helps children to improve their sorting skills, because they have to sort out pieces by colours at the start to make each train. Children will get 8 pieces for each train afterward sorting them by colours. Now they will be able to sort those 8 pieces in pairs by connecting shapes and by linking pairs together they will get complete train. Each time by playing with it children train their memory skills by remembering which piece has to be taken to make complete diamond shape and which one is needed to make the scamp and bananas picture. Children can learn or improve their counting skill. For example, for a small child t eacher/ refer can count each piece that child has placed and soon child will start to count together with teacher/parent.Language Development CommunicatingThe definition of language is Language is any form of communion, be it spoken, written or signed. Language consists of words and system of combining them (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 122) The memo Locomotives Puzzle can give benefits to language development by naming colours, shapes, animals and other parts of pictures. Because of Puzzles bright and vivid printings it has a big value to teaching child the right name of little colour. Besides that, game can be played up to 4 children and by communicating and explaining the rules to each other they will improve they language skills.Virtually all types of play involve communication.Children negotiate their roles, talk about what they are doing and talk about their plans for what will happen next. () When playing games with rules, children have to explain rules to newcomers. (Flood an d Hardy, 2013, pg 93) Children will learn new words and they will learn new ways how to put words in sentences. Teacher/parent can be a companion to child if hes playing alone and communicate with him during play thus back up to improve his language development through play. stimulated Development Identity and Belonging, and Communicating Emotional development involves children learning to deal with their emotions (both negative and positive) in a healthy way. Emotional development also involves the promotion of a positive self-image and high self-esteem. (Flood and Hardy, 203, pg 93) Play is important part of emotional development and The Memo Locomotives Puzzle can help in that. During play with this toy children have to deal with emotions like anger and frustration when something does not work the way children wish to or pride and happiness when they got it right.Those good emotions promote positive self-esteem, child is happy about himself, for example, he is towering he did h is train set first or he did his one carefully and at the end it looks nicer than other ones. Children learn to share their emotional with adult and peers, like child learns not only to show but to talk about his emotions. Emotional regulation is an important part of emotional development (Flood, 2013, pg 175). During play with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle teacher/parent can observe children and help them deal with their negative emotions, like they can teach how to deal with frustration when it is hard for child to find right piece of puzzle. neighborly Development Identity and Belonging, and Communicating Social development basically involves the development of three related skills (1) the ability to interact effectively with others, (2) learning and understanding the norms of the fiat in which the child lives and (3) moral development. Play can be a very effective way for children to learn and perfect these skills (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 94). The Memo Locomotives Puzzle can he lp children to interact effectively with others.They have to communicate while playing by handing pieces to each other,helping find the right piece for each other. They have to learn to share The Locomotives sets and waitress for their turn. They will learn to ask for a piece nicely and use phrases like thank you and you are welcome thus learning and teaching to each other good manners. Children learn to understand the norms of family by doing that. Social norms are descriptions of rules about peoples behaviour, beliefs, attitudes and values within a society or social group (Flood, 2013, pg 151).It is very important to select not only the right type of play to promote childs development but to make sure that the play will match his stage of development also. Most of theorists of play, like Maria Montessori, Friedrich Froebel, Steiner Waldorf, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget and Rudolph Steiner, have identified stages of development. For example, Rudolf Steiner distributed 3 different s tages 0-7 years, 7-14 years and 14-18 years (Flood et al, 2013, pg 42-43).The Memo Locomotives Puzzle is suitable for children in age group 2-6 and fits under first stage (0-7) years by Steiners concept The first seven years of childrens lives are of greatest importance. () Children conquer the skills of movement, speech, gesture and communication. () Children absorb every aspect of their environment and they are decipherable to external influences also. The focus at this point is on learning by doing (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 42-43). I already have clarified that my chosen toy helps to improve childrens basic knowledge in physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional development and it means that age group marked on The Memo Locomotives Puzzles scar match the concrete toy.Detailed assessment of the role of the adultThere are two zeals of play that are relevant to adults role in children playing activities. They are structured play and free play. Structured play is plan ned, guided and led by adults. Structured play can be useful but there is a risk that if it is too adult-led children can lose interest. () expectants can extend support by demonstrating skills that the child can then try out for themselves. () Some theorists advocated a very structured approach. Montessori advocated that certain skills should be very clearly demonstrated by the adult, with the child carefully ceremony so thatthey could then copy exactly what the adult had done (Food and Hardy, 2013, pg 87, 88)Free play is not adult-led. fully growns put up equipment, materials and resources for free play, but they do not direct it any way. Advocates of free play believe that children learn much more from this style of play than from structured play, since they are more motivated by having created it themselves (Flood and Hardy, 013, pg 88). The Memo Locomotives Puzzle needs adult participation to improve children development in all five areas of benefits to development. Adult participation is essential to help children by naming colours or shapes, showing which colour or shape are the one that has been named. Therefore adult attendance is not essential all the time. Children can be left with the toy by themselves thus giving them time to practise their object manipulating skills and memory.Adult has to observe children while playing and make a decision when to intervene and when to stand back. Adult must(prenominal) intervene and help in communication thus helping to develop childrens social and communication skills, like helping to resolve conflicts and to solve problems in peaceful manner. I like Janet Moyles concept and I believe it suits the best regarding adult role to play with The Memo Locomotives puzzle. The concept for which she (Janet Moyles) is best known is the roll of play or spiral of learning. The spiral of play describes how children move in and out of different modes of play direct play to free, and back again (Flood and Hardy, 2013, p g 105). Adult observes to children playing and decides when and if he/she is required to intervene in the play to support it.EvaluationI consider results of my assignment as positive and valuable. I found out a lot about my chosen toys benefits to children learning through play. I discovered for what type of play this toy would suit the best and how adult can support children in play with it.ConclusionMy aim was to find out can The Memo Locomotives Puzzle be confirmatory in learning through play and give any benefits to childrens development. Iintroduced with my chosen toy and did description of the toy including 40 assessment criteria and described the toy under five areas of benefits to childrens development. I also looked at adult role in play with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle. I found out that toy is educational and fun.I found that The Memo Locomotives Puzzle fits under manipulative type of play. The toy can be useful in all five areas of benefits to development physical, intel lectual, language, social and emotional development. I believe that manufacturer has positioned this toy under the right age group because of childrens developmental stages and age stages. I discovered that for this toy looking at adult role better suits structured style of play with adult stepping in and out giving children time for free play as well. boilersuit I looked at toy from many aspects and found this toy suitable for childrens learning through play.RecommendationsMy list of advantages and disadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesAttractive for childrenAge group toy is suitable forBenefits all five areas of children developmentMaterial for storage box is not quite durableAffordableHigh qualityMade of natural materialIn overall I really like this toy. I have experienced that children love this toy and it is attractive for them. There are only two things I would recommend to change about it 1) Although the toy comes in good chipboard box, I would recommend using wooden box instea d. The hardboard box can be destroyed in a second if child steps on it and it would make storage very impractical. I believe it would lead to lost pieces. I agree that wooden boxwould make the toy a bit more expensive, but it would make the toy brave longer.If there are no pieces lost, this toy really last for many years because of its durability. 2) I would recommend to manufacturer to change an age group that toy is suitable for. Because of my own experience I can say that this toy is really attractive to children aged 2-4. Children at age 5-6 lost their interest after the first time playing with it. They already know colours and they know shapes and they got along very quickly, level of difficulty is too easy for them. All the other aspects, like durability, bright and vivid colours, lovely printings. I believe, are very good regarding this toy. I like about this toy that it is really educational and attractive for children and I would highly recommend it to parents and teachers for children aged 2-4.ReferencesBeaver, M., Brewster, J., jones, P., Keene, A., Neaum, S., and Tallack, J., 2001, Babies and children, Diploma in childcare and education, United Kingdom Nelson ThornesBrotherson Sean, sparkly beginnings 8, 2006, US NDSU Extension ServiceDepartment of Education, Training and Employment, 2012, Giving children a flying start, Australia Queensland GovernmentFlood E., Hardy C., 2013, Early Childhood Education & Play, Dublin Gill and MacMillanFlood, E., 2013, Child Development, Dublin Gill and MacMillanNCCA, Aisthear The Early Childhood Curriculum Framework, 2009, Ireland NCCA

Look Back in Anger Themes

Major Themes The Angry Young Man Osbornes lam was the first to look for the theme of the Angry Young Man. This term describes a generation of post-World War II artists and working elucidate custody who generally ascribed to leftist, sometimes anarchist, politics and social views. According to cultural critics, these adolescent men were not a part of any organized movement but were, instead, individuals angry at a post-Victorian Britain that refused to do it their social and mob frenzy. intrude Porter is often considered to be literatures seminal example of the angry young man.Jimmy is angry at the social and political structures that he believes has kept him from achieving his dreams and aspirations. He directs this irritability towards his friends and, most notably, his wife Alison. The Kitchen Sink Drama Kitchen Sink drama is a term used to denote plays that rely on realism to explore domestic social relations. Realism, in British theater, was first experimented with in the late 19th and early twentieth cytosine by such playwrights as George Bernard Shaw. This genre attempted to capture the lives of the British upper class in a personal manner that realistically reflected the ordinary drama of ruling class British society.Related article Eric Bartels My Problem With Her AngerAccording to many critics, by the mid-twentieth century the genre of realism had turn tired and unimaginative. Osbornes play returned imagination to the Realist genre by capturing the anger and immediacy of post-war youth ending and the alienation that resulted in the British working classes. Look Back in Angerwas able to comment on a range of domestic social dilemmas in this time period. Most importantly, it was able to capture, through the case of Jimmy Porter, the anger of this generation that festered just below the surface of elite British glossiness.Loss of Childhood A theme that impacts the characters of Jimmy and Alison Porter is the idea of a lost childhood. Os borne uses specific examples the death of Jimmys father when Jimmy was only ten, and how he was forced to watch the physical and mental demise of the man to demonstrate the way in which Jimmy is forced to deal with suffering from an early eon. Alisons expiry of childhood is best seen in the way that she was forced to grow up too fast by marrying Jimmy. Her youth is wasted in the anger and abuse that her husband levels upon her.Osborne suggests that a generation of British youth has experienced this same loss of childhood innocence. Osborne uses the examples of World War, the development of the atomic bomb, and the downfall of the British Empire to show how an entire culture has lost the innocence that other generations were able to maintain. Real Life In the play, Jimmy Porter is consumed with the bank to live a more real and full life. He compares this burning desire to the empty actions and attitudes of others. At first, he generalizes this emptiness by criticizing the lax w riting and opinions of those in the newspapers.He then turns his angry gaze to those virtually him and close to him, Alison, Helena, and Cliff. Osbornes argument in the play for a real life is one in which men are allowed to feel a full range of sensations. The most real of these emotions is anger and Jimmy believes that this anger is his way of truly living. This idea was unique in British theater during the plays original run. Osborne argued in essays and criticisms that, until his play, British theater had subsumed the emotions of characters rendering them less realistic. Jimmys desire for a real life is an attempt to restore lancinating emotion to the theater. Sloth in British CultureJimmy Porter compares his quest for a more vibrant and worked up life to the slothfulness of the initiation around him. It is important to note that Jimmy does not see the world around him as dead, but merely asleep in some fundamental way. This is a beautiful line that Osborne walks throughout the play. Jimmy never argues that there is a nihilism within British culture. Instead, he sees a kind of slothfulness of character. His anger is an attempt to awaken those around him from this cultural sleep. This slothfulness of emotion is best seen in the relationship between Alison and Cliff. Alison describes her relationship with Cliff as comfortable. They are physically and emotionally affectionate with each other, but neither seems to want to take their passion to another level of intimacy. In this way, their relationship is lazy. They cannot awaken enough passion to consummate their affair. Jimmy seems to subconsciously understand this, which is the reason he is not jealous of their affection towards one another. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire The character of Colonel Redfern, Alisons father, represents the decline of and nostalgia for the British Empire. The Colonel had been stationed for many years in India, a symbol of Britains imperial reach into the world.The Ed wardian age which corresponded to Britains height of power, had been the happiest of his life. His nostalgia is representative of the denial that Osborne sees in the psyche of the British people. The world has moved on into an American age, he argues, and the people of the nation cannot understand why they are no longer the worlds greatest power. masculinity in Art Osborne has been accused by critics of misogynistic views in his plays. Many point to Look Back in Angeras the chief example. These critics accuse Osborne of glorifying young male anger and cruelty towards women and homosexuals.This is seen in the play in specific examples in which Jimmy Porter emotionally distresses Alison, his wife, and delivers a grisly monologue in which he wishes for Alisons mothers death. Osborne, however, asserts that he is attempting to restore a vision of true masculinity into a twentieth century culture that he sees as becoming increasingly feminized. This feminization is seen in the way that B ritish culture shows an indifference to anything but immediate, personal suffering. This causes deadness within which Jimmys visceral anger and masculine emotion is avenging against.

Determination of Quinine in Tonic Water Essay

i. The selectivity of fluorimetry is greater than that of submerging spectrophotometry as it depends on excitation, absorption and emission spectra. As for fluorimetry, when molecule absorbs irradiation therapy and become excited, fluorimetry detects the effectiveness of light emitted from the molecule returns to ground state from excited state. Fluorescence is good at potent molecules as it absorbs UV radiation. When two compounds are excited at the same wavelength radiation, they would emit different wavelength radiation as different compound has its unique spectrum. ii. Second, the sensitivity of fluorescence is greater than absorption spectrophotometry.As for absorption spectrophotometry, the assiduousness is directly proportional to the absorbance. However, in fluorimetry, concentration is directly related to the luminescent radiant power which is metric against a very small background. Moreover, flourimetry is easier to measure the small difference. Disadvantages i. Quen ching is resulted in a variety of processes such(prenominal) as excited state reactions, energy transfer, complex formation and collisional quenching occur. This will reductions the fluorescence intensity of a given substance and affects the experimental result.ii. Standard solutions or the fluorescent cells whitethorn be contaminated, leading to absorption some energy of the incident radiation and transmitted radiation. It will interfere the experimental results. iii. The reflection or scattering of the incident or transmitted radiation in the fluorescent cell may order the accuracy of the intensity of the fluorescent. iv. Fluorescent substance will undergo decomposition in fluorimetry which is related to the upshot which control the pH, temperature and pressure interfering the excitation-relaxation fluorescence process.The line will be broadened and fused together to give a less structured spectrum in the presence of solvent. 2. Define the term quantum efficiency for fluoresce nce processes. How does temperature affect quantum efficiency? Quantum efficiency for fluorescence processes is the ratio of the number of molecules that luminescence to the total number of excited molecules. For some species which do not necessitate propriety of fluorescent, the quantum efficiency will approach to zero. The quantum efficiency of a highly fluorescent molecule may approach unity under certain conditions.The quantum efficiency of fluorescence in a lot of molecules will decrease with increasing temperature. It is because the kinetic energy of the molecules and hence the frequency of collisions will be increased with increasing temperature. about molecules will convert the excitation energy to heat instead of emitting light. So the number of molecules emits fluorescence and hence the fluorescence intensity will be decreased. Result A calibration curl with fluorescent intensity against concentration of quinine hydrochloride in ppm was plotted by using least square met hod.The least square par of the calibration curve is y = 3629. 7x 12. 157. From this equation, the amount of quinine hydrochloride in the sample was calculated to be 78. 645 ppm. Conclusion The least square equation of the calibration curve was y = y = 3629. 7x 12. 157 and by calculation, the amount of quinine hydrochloride in Schweppes tonic water was 78. 645 ppm. check to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the limit of quinine content in tonic water is 83 ppm. The quinine concentration in Schweppes has not exceeded the limit.

Editing Style in Crash Essay

Paul Haggis 2003 film Crash is about Los Angeles citizens with genuinely separate lives. They go through interweaving stories of race, loss and redemption. It shows us how we connect or disconnect with other people. Although we go through separated by a number of factors such as race, class, status or gender we ar more connected than we think. The alter used in this film contributes to the over- all theme.Characters involved be a gloomy detective estranged from his mother, his criminal younger brother and gang partner, a white District lawyer and his irritated and pampered wife, a racist white police policeman who disgusts his more younger partner, an African American Hollywood managing director and his wife, a Persian-immigrant father who is distrustful and vigilant of others, and a locksmith who is a Hispanic hard-working family man. A lot of cross cutting is used to connect the different characters to dejecther. For example in the end of unmatched scene the door slams.The sound of the door slamming is used to wake up the other person in the succeeding(prenominal) scene. The ending of one scene is pushing a door, and a door opening leads to the next scene. The ending of a scene is a close up of the black detective putting groceries away(p) in his mothers fridge the next scene is the District Attorneys wife talking about grocery shopping. This film uses montage pinchs so that the overall effect is greater than the item-by-item parts. The length of separately shot determines the pace of the action including the change of pace and that affects the mood.The shot of the introduction of each character lasted about the comparable time. That way we saw the general type of person or lieu each character has. When shots were used to show emotion, the shot lasted a bit longer so that the viewers are able to connect and understand the character. Especially in the scene when the Persian father shot the Hispanic mans little girl. That went into slow motion a nd the shot lasted long. The music was sad and dramatic and that shot personally made me cry because I can really feel the pain of the catastrophe that just occurred.A scene that sends a mental object through editing is when the black Hollywood director and his wife were stopped by the white police officer. The white police officer molests his wife and that hurts the peer in many ways. They both become very affected by what happened. Later on in the film the wife gets into a car accident where her car flipped over and gets stuck but needs to get out of the car before it explodes. That event became a turning point in the white officers life and changed him. He became the opposite of the man that was introduced to us.This editing plays an important role because it shows us that the same person who hurt us would be the same person that is there in your time of need. The editing used in this film definitely portrays the theme. The techniques used show that all the major events that happened in their lives were caused by each other. People that think that they have no connection with each other actually are connected. The editing used in this film had an important role in sending an important message to the viewers. There may be differences between us but we are all the same, we are all human with feelings and emotions. We are all connected.

Kap Report Endline September 2012

KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES (KAP) END-LINE ASSESSMENT On peeing, Sanitation and Hygiene LOLKUACH Vill get along with, IDPs of Akobo September-2012 DRC-Gambella serve Team Conducted in the pulp of an ECHO funded find Improving approach path to short-term food surety, rubber eraser drunkenness urine, hygienics and basic ho maphold items in Ethiopia Wanthowa Worda, Gambella, Ethiopia September 30, 2012 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 2 3 3. 1 INTRODUCTION SUMMARY OF FINDINGS METHODOLOGY Objectives of the comply 1 2 3 3 4 4. 1 FINDINGS universal Background Information 4 4 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 WATER RELATED INFORMATION urine obtains piddle suck inion and storage Household peeing word 5 5 9 11 6 6. 1 6. 2 HEALTH AND HYGIENE Diseases dry washing Hands and Good strong Practices 12 12 15 7 7. 1 7. 2 sanitisation loosening Waste and Waste Management 18 18 20 8 9 polish RECOMMENDATIONS 23 24 25 10 REFERENCES i 1 Introduction The 2012 report states that as of fire of 2010 Over 7 80 trillion passel are still without access to am annul sources of crapulence pissing and 2. 5 billion lack modify sanitization. If current trends continue, these numbers will remain unacceptably high in 2015 605 million people will be without an repaird drinking wet source and 2. billion people will lack access to improved sanitation facilities. An estimated 801,000 children younger than 5 years of age draw from diarrhea each year, mostly in developing countries. This amounts to 11% of the 7. 6 million deaths of children under the age of five and means that some 2,200 children are dying every day as a termination of diarrheal infirmitys. Un dependable drinking piss, inadequate availableness of piddle for hygienics, and lack of access to sanitation unneurotic contri moreovere to about 88% of deaths from diarrheal diseases (UNICEF, WHO, 2012 2 Center of Disease fit and Prevention, 2012).As to Andrea Naylor although worldwide thither have been thousands of projects to address piddle and sanitation issues as they relate to public health with continued improvements since the 1980s, query has shown that due to lack of evaluation surveys on the effectiveness and success of these interventions, m either are not sustainable . To this end, the essence of conducting end-line survey is very circumstantial to gauge the effectiveness and success of the interventions of DRC-Gambella. The Gambella Region has an approximately tribe of 332,600 people, with 49,457 living in Akobo and Wantawo Woredas.These populations are subjected to piss shortage and floods. to a greater extent thanover the population is prevalently pastoralist and follows seasonal migration patterns for cattle paring and security measure of livelystock from drought and floods. The perennial attacks by the Murle tribe, coupled with intra-clan contraventions among the Nuer tribes of Ethiopia and South Sudan, aggravates a office of degenerative displacement, making populations of bo rdering areas, especi all in ally Akobo, susceptible of massive and prolonged internal displacements.Conflicts, drought and floods are the key challenges to the populations in Akobo and in Wantawo. The consequent perennial movement makes the alliance vulnerable to food insecurity, disease and pee shortage. It is in view of this that Danish Refugee Council seeks to address in the short term the basic needs of these populations by providing access to card-playing drinking urine, and tools to improve hygiene and to build the capacity of the community to respond to these challenges. From the period of July 2011 to June 2012, DRC employ a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene project, funded by ECHO, with the goal of rehabilitating 7 mountain middles (and subsequently chlorinating the piddle supply), distributing NFI kit ups, hygiene kits, and implementing hygiene promotional materials. DRC decided to conduct two in-depth KAP surveys (as a baseline and endline) to evaluate the impact brought by the implementation of the project in the targeted area.The baseline survey was conducted in the month of May 2012 and the end line survey was conducted in the second week of September 2012. In the period between the two surveys, a number of activities cover version peeing system, sanitation and hygiene were implemented in the frame of the project. 2 Summary of Findings Project outputs and behaviour and fellowship change (as readd by the pre and post implementation KAP surveys) indicate the following key findings o o o o o o Seven legislate pumps were rehabilitated/ disinfected Hygiene promotion targets were surpassed. planned 5,490 beneficiaries 10,950 reached) Hygiene kit distributions were surpassed (planned 2,250 beneficiaries 8,870 reached) NFI kit distributions were surpassed (planned 6,300 beneficiaries 7,470 reached) The number of respondents who use overhaul pumps as source of water increased from 4% to 75% K flatledge and practice of feasible water purifi cation practices such as boiling, filtration or adding tablet/sachet has been greatly improved Instance of diarrhoea has decreased from 60% to 24% of respondents stating that they had had diarrhea in during the 3 weeks previous to the survey Knowledge that rain water is a proficient drinking water source has improved from 24% to 62% of respondents, however, the use of rain water remains limited.Knowledge of the causes of shaky drinking water (including germs, patent particles and bad taste) increased from 40% to 81%. The practice of make defecation has reduced from degree Celsius% to 15% of respondents. Hand washing at critical times has increased from 34% to 85% of respondents. 2 o o o o o o o Appropriate blow out disposal mechanisms improved from 39. 2% in baseline to 75% of respondents.. Although there has been an improvement in the knowledge of respiratory and nitty-gritty transmission system transmission/ valueion, there is still room for improvement 3 Methodology A f lummox sectional, qualitative accept was conducted through house to house interviews, taking 150 respondents randomly as study subjects. The sample represents nearly 10% of the total targeted household 1 n Lolkuach settlement (1,500 household). The questionnaire (See Annex I) was diligent to collect data on general background information, knowledge, attitude and practices of the IDPs of Lolkuach village. However the results basis also be considered pertinent for the host communities if considering the cultural and surroundal homogeneity. Verbal consent from the respondents was obtained later explaining the purpose of the study. Data was self-collected from 13 to 14 September 2012. The data from the questionnaires was entered into SPSS soft strugglee (version 13) by the champion investigators for further analysis. Data dependability was assured exploitation different techniques such as ?Properly designed questionnaires were prepared and pretested. ? Data collectors were em ploy locally and tested during the training on the contents of the questionnaire. Constant supervision was d champion by DRC swosh Team Leader, and problems encountered at the time of data collection were reported immediately and appropriate actions taken. 3. 1 Objectives of the check into ? To identify gaps in knowledge regarding health and hygiene practices and existing practices leading to negative impact on health. ? ? To describe the socio demographic, cultural information of respondents and villages. To find out the information on incidence of communicable disease due to un salutary practice. 1It is estimated, on the base of IOM Akobo IDPs database, that the number of households currently living in Lolkuach is 1500 and average family surface is 5. 3 ? To assess the effectiveness and impact of the DRC water, sanitation and hygiene promotion activities. 4 Findings 4. 1 General Background Information The beneficiaries of the programme, and KAP survey respondents are all part o f the displaced NuerGajok population from Akobo Woreda now living in Wantawo. Among the KAP survey respondents, the bulk (about 65 %) were female, whereas 35% were male. Females were particularly targeted for the KAP survey, as they were the primary recipients/participants in the DRC project, and are traditionally responsible for child care and household WASH issues.This survey was conducted near the end of the rainy season, in Lolkuach IDP settlement. Respondents reported moving between the river banks temporary camps and dry land permanent villages according to seasonal variations. During the dry season, the majority of the respondents live in Dimbierow village (79%), and Nyawich village (17%), while only 4 % of the respondents indicated that they live in Lolkuach village throughout all the year. However there are frequent movements among the settlements throughout all the year. Most of the respondents (86. 2%) indicated that they arrived at Lolkuach between February and June 2009 following a recurrence of conflict with Lou Nuer in Akobo woreda.Minority of the respondents arrived during the corresponding period of 2008 (12. 8%) or 2010 (1 %). Most of the respondents therefore have been displaced since 2009. When respondents were asked if they plan to return to their villages of origin, a say number (55%) indicated that they dont have any plans to return due to security problems (expressed as war, conflict, insecurity). The remaining 45% of the respondents indicated that they plan to return back in the future if the security situation is restored and the construction of the road from Mathar to Akobo is finalized. In this regard, as it throne be notice from the baseline survey, no significant difference noted in the end line survey.However looking in detail at the positive answers (from the 45% of respondents), 21% expressed a plan to go back within cardinal months and the remaining 34% indicated a time longer than six months. Moreover even the respondent s who indicated that they have a plan to return back to 4 Kebele of origin also mentioned their fear about the security situation (expressed as if peace come back, if cattle raiding ends, if the construction of the road to Akobo is completed and similar). 5 Water relate Information 5. 1 Water Sources Before the project interventions, the baseline data indicated that most 100% of the respondents were accessing unsafe drinking water from the river, which is contaminated from the presence of livestock and hand defecation. At the end of the project implementation, the hand pump aintenance/rehabilitation/water chlorination, coupled with pure sachet distributions, pail distributions, and hygiene promotions resulted in a significant positive change. As you can ascertain from the bod 1, the majority of the respondents are now utilise water from newly maintained/rehabilitated hand pumps. Due to seasonal movement however, the proportion of respondents using hand pumps during the dry s eason reduces, as many of the beneficiaries move to areas without hand pumps. The following graph outlines twain the shift in hand pump use (pre and post intervention), and also the relation of this use in terms of seasons. There are still not sufficient hand pumps in Lolkuach area to nurture the population however, which explains why 100% of the respondents are not using these defend sources.Considering that the 7500 inhabitants of Lolkuach, Thore and Lolmokoney have only 7 hand-pumps (hand dug wells), this is insufficient as per field of view standards)2 , highlighting the need to construct new hand pumps. 2 Considering the maximum number of users for 1 hand pump should be 500, at least 15 hand pumps would be needed in Lolkuach 5 Seasonal Use of Protected Water Sources Pre and Post check 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dry Season Rainy Season % of Respondents Seasons Baseline Endline depict 1 Shift in Use of Protected Water Sources (KAP baseline an d end-line) Seven hand pumps in Lolkuach and surrounding villages were disinfected and beneficiaries original pure sachet as well bucket and filter.From the findings, the graph below states that it is only 27% of the respondents indicated that the main problems with their water source are water is dirty and it tastes bad. Whereas 40. 7% of the respondents also common sense that the water source is far. Problems Related to Water Supply 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Dirty Water Bad Taste Irregular FlowSource is Dried quad to No problems Up Source % Respondents Baseline Endline Water Source Issues Figure 2 Main problems colligate to water supply. 6 Consequently 63% of the respondents consider the water they are using is safe for drinking, and 33% consider it is unsafe instead (Figure 3).This represents a reduction in the proportion of respondents who tell that they were using unsafe water from 77% in the baseline to 33% in the end-line survey. Of these 33% of respondents who noted that they were drin king unsafe water, 8% of the respondents were using hand dug wells (Which were rehabilitated by DRC) as source of water for drinking. Figure 3 consideration of water safety Figure 4 reasons why 33% declared water is unsafe In relation to the safety of water, the reason why 33% of respondents declared that they are using unsafe water is mainly because the water contains germs, is not filtered and not cleaned. This shows that their pictureing about the causes of unsafe water has improved since the baseline (Figure 4).When it comes to use of rainwater as source, though improvement is registered, much needs to be done to bring about significant change. Considering the shortage of safe water sources in the area find by DRC, and the abundant rain-fall in Gambella region3, reasons for not using the rainwater (which is almost distilled4) were assessed more closely. Although the number of respondents who conceptualize that 3 The annual rain falls in Gambella region ranges between 800 an d 1200mm, but about 85% of rains are concentrated between May-October (Woube, 1999). 4 In this regards, Dev Sehgal, indicated that rainwater harvesting is an easy method to collect drinking water, and the spirit of the water is almost distilled.First when the water touches the catchment surface it usually gets contaminated (Dev Sehgal, 2005). 7 rainwater is unsafe has reduced from 76% to 38% of respondents, more can be done to raise sentiency on this water collection method. Of the 38% of respondents who would not collect rain water given the choice, the principal reasons were given as follows Figure 5 Investigation about unused rain water When questioned on their knowledge of safe drinking water and water defilement causes, respondents were given the option of providing more than one answer. The number of respondents who indicated that drinking water shouldnt have germs, visible particles and/or bad taste, increased from 40% at the baseline to 81. 3% at the end-line.The responden ts who indicated that the proximity of a latrine to water sources can cause water befoulment increased from 7. 2% in the baseline to 15% in the end-line survey. In this regards, water quality and health council indicated that especially the proximity of latrine to water sources can cause Removing the first harvested water, so-called first flush, can prevent this. When the rain starts to fall the first water cleans the catchment surface and fills up the first flush diverter, by the time it is full a ball closes the opening and leads the water to the main tank. The downside of rainwater harvesting is that it requires restate storage, as it is hard to purify water at the same speed as it rains (Gould, J. & Nissen-Petersen, E. , 2005). 8 contamination .The majority of the respondents (85%) also indicated that garbage disposal or animals feces containers near a water source, or unprotected source can cause water contamination (Figure7). 5 Knowledge of Causes of Water Source Pollution 1 00 90 80 % Respondents 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Defecation Nearby Garbage Nearby Dirty Container Causes of Pollution Figure 7 Knowledge of Water Source Pollutants Baseline Endline Although only a small proportion of respondents acknowledge that water can be contaminated through the ground from a latrine constructed too close to a water source, 95% of respondents are now aware that defecation near a water source is a pollutant, resulting in a change of behavior in which open defecation has reduced from 100% in the baseline to 15% in the end-line survey. 5. 2 Water collection and storageFrom the Figure 8, it can be sight that nearly 50% of respondents less than 50 minutes to start water during dry seasons6, meaning that SPHERE standards for these respondents are met for watersource distance because of the rehabilitations of the hand pump in the vicinity of the village. Concerning rainy season, it can be observed that respondents spend more time getting water. As it is observed, respon dents need to travel some distance to fetch water and during the dry season respondents also move to river banks. Hence, this can make the access to hand pump difficult. So besides constructing 5 The causes of water pollution vary and may be both innate(p) and anthropogenic.However, the most common causes of domestic water pollutions includes garbage disposal and defecation near water sources, animals feces, share the same sources with animals, use of dirty or open water container can affect the safety of our water . Use (Water Quality and Health Councils, 2010 CAWST, 2009 Laurent, P. , 2005). 6 According to SPHERE key indicators, the maximum distance from any household to the nearest water point is 500 metres 9 new hand pumps, encouraging the community for rain water catchment strategy is very essential at household at household level. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0-50 50-100 Min 100-250 Min More than 250 Dry Season Rainy SeasonFigure 8 Average time spent to collect water presumptuou sness that water collection requires women and girls to walk distances to find water sources, there may be heightened protection issues for these family members, although protection was not assessed in the KAP. Question posed to respondents on what devices that they are using to store and collect water indicated that 55% of the respondents are using plastic jerry cans to collect water and 34% of the respondents use plastic bucket for water collection. For storing water, nearly 33% of the respondents use traditional clay pot and plastic jerry cans the rest 36% of the respondents indicated plastic jerry cans or buckets with lid.DRC distributed NFI (Contains 2 Jerry cans each 20 litters among others) and Hygiene kits (Contains 2 Buckets each 10 litters among other) to 302 and 283 households singly living in Lolkuach areas. To this end, most of the respondents own more than one container. except still those who didnt encounter water storage and collection device also were among the r espondents who took part in the survey, we can 10 observe that 70% of respondents meet the minimum SPHERE7 requirement for water collection container, and 74% meet the requirement8 for water storage. Whereas in the baseline, it was noted that only 50% of the respondents met the requirement for water storage and collection devices. 5. 3 Household Water TreatmentThe knowledge of practical purification methods like boiling, filtration or adding tablet/sachet was assessed. As it can be observed from Figure 12, there is great leap in knowledge of the basic methods of household water treatment. For instance, use of purifying sachet/tablet increased from 8% at baseline to 85% at the end-line survey. The findings also suggested that the majority of the respondents (more than 75%) know the use of feasible practices like boiling, filtration or adding tablets/sachet for water treatments9. This figure was only 25% in the baseline survey. After the baseline survey, it is worth to note that DRC-G ambella has been distributing purifying sachet and providing demonstrations for those villages with no access to hand pumps. 7According to SPHERE key indicator Each household has at least two clean water collecting containers of 10-20 litres, plus enough clean water storage containers to ensure there is always water in the household. The amount of storage capacity required depends on the size of the household and the consistency of water availability e. g. approximately 4 litres per someone would be appropriate for situations where there is a constant insouciant supply 8 Requirement for storage is calculated according to certain specificities, but considering the minimum of 4lt/person/day, for an average household of 5, should be at least 20 lt. 9 Different look intoers suggested some feasible practices like boiling, filtration or adding Figuret/sachet and chlorination for water treatment (CAWST, 2009 Davis & Lambert, 2002). 11Knowledge of Household Water Treatment 140 120 % Resp ondents 100 80 60 40 20 0 special container Boiling Use of sachet Cleaning Filtering container with framework Covering sunlight Baseline Endline Figure 12 Knowledge of household water treatment methods 6 Health and Hygiene 6. 1 Diseases Respondents were asked about the diseases their family take cared during the three weeks before the interview. The number of respondents who caught diarrhea in the three weeks prior to the interview reduced from 60% in the baseline to 27. 3% in the end-line survey. Hence, you can see from the end-line survey that hygiene conditions and practices are improving.When it comes to the causes of diarrhoea, more than 85% of the respondents referenced unsafe drinking water, children feces, germs/bacteria, open defecation, poor hygienic practices and flies as causes of diarrhea (Figure 16), indicating that the hygiene promotion has resulted in an increase in knowledge. 12 Figure 16 Knowledge about diarrhea transmission Interviewees were asked to indicate in a multiple choice question, which action to be taken to protect their families from the different diseases that they suffered from. The respondents who indicated that they can be protected from malaria by sleeping under mosquito net increased from 40% to 75%. retention the environment clean and good hygienic practices also attributed as a method of prevention of malaria by many respondents (Figure 14). 13 Knowldge of Malaria prevetion measure 120 100 Respondents 80 60 40 20 0 Keeping environment Clean Safe water Good hygienic practice Use mosquitonet raceway cloth Wash hand Baseline Endline Figure 14 knowledge of malaria prevention measures When it comes to splutter diseases, most of the respondents indicated that good hygienic practice as way of prevention of skin diseases (Figure 15). 14 Figure 15 Knowledge of skin diseases prevention measur es Nearly 51. 2% of the respondents indicated that good in the flesh(predicate) hygiene, keeping the environment clean, use of safe water for drinking, washing hand, washing clothes and hanging them in the sun can protect their families from respiratory and eye problems.The above results indicate that the knowledge of the people has improved with regards to respiratory illness and eye transmission transmission and protection, however there is still room for improvement. 6. 2 Washing Hands and Good Hygienic Practices General question about hygiene and more specific ones about hand washing were posed. Keeping food away from flies, caning regularly, keeping compounds clean, protecting food and washing hands are considered as good hygienic practices by the majority of the respondents in the end-line survey. This means that the figure increased from nearly 51% at the baseline to nearly 85% in the endline. 15 Figure 18 Knowledge about keeping good hygieneLikewise, when respondents specifically asked if they wash their hands, 89% of the interviewees gave affirmative answer in the end-line Survey. People who wash hands re ported to be doing it in order to eliminate bad smell and prevent diseases. similarly more details of the hand washing practice can be seen from Figure 20, and it can be concluded that more than three fourth of the population who wash their hands, are doing it at the appropriate times. 16 Figure 20 Frequency of hand washing practice While the vast majority of the respondents (95%) stated they would like to bathe once a day, when it comes to practice, 29% of respondents expressed they have problems in taking bath regularly mainly because of lack of container and soap (Figure 21).Hygiene practices were also considered to be a major issue by nearly 40. 6% of the respondents, these respondents indicated that poor practices are due to both a lack of access to hygiene items, and a poor attitude brought on by a lack of knowledge. So the majority of the respondents signified that the distributed hygiene kits solved some of their problems and they were adhering to good hygienic practices. 1 7 7 Sanitation 7. 1 Defecation Before the DRC intervention, the majority of the adults practiced open defecation. Because changing habits is not easy, the baseline assessment was designed to understand the risk practices that were most widespread and identify those that could be changed.From the point of view of controlling diarrhoea, the priorities for hygiene behavioral change included hand washing at critical times and safe stool disposal. To this end, the efforts of the cheek brought significant behavioral change. From the end-line survey it is noted that 85% of the respondents use traditional latrines, which is up from 0%. as well as, when asked to indicate the best option for defecation, 85% indicated the latrine. On the other hand, privacy, water pollution, presence of bad smell and flies, as well as spread of disease was reported as the main problem link to open defecation practices (Figure 23). Respondents were also asked about post defecation cleansing habits and mostl y indicated pieces of paper. Figure 23 Problems cogitate to defecation practice 18Considering the majority of respondents indicated that a latrine is the best option for defecation, and that the main issue with defecation is privacy, disease, water pollution, smell and environmental pollution, it was observed that the traditional latrine which is constructed by the participation of the communities has been welcomed and used by the community. In the baseline survey it was found out that inadequate sanitary conditions and poor hygiene practices played major roles in the increased burden of communicable disease within the village. Similarly, the baseline information stated that beneficiaries had problems with access to safe water and sanitation facilities. To this end, DCR Gambella set a strategy to solve the problems through community participation. DRC- Gambella inculcates the basic principles and approaches Sanitation) of into CLTS the ( familiarity newly Lead Total PHAST designed Participatory hygiene and Sanitation Transformation) training. As both approaches opt for communities participations and mandate and focus on igniting a change in sanitation and hygiene behaviour, a PHAST training manual(a) that encompasses both PHAST methodology and catalysts for change in sanitation behaviour was prepared and distributed. After community ground health promotions work, and community conversation establishments at each village, the accessibility to sanitation facilities and sanitation practices improved. 1446 households who completed hand washing points and traditional pit latrine (See the figure on the right side) were awarded NFI to recognize their efforts of behavioral changes.Hand washing after stool contact and safe disposal of stool have been priorities in hygiene and sanitation promotion interventions in Wanthowa Woreda. By understanding that for the quickest and widest adoption of good hygienic practices it is often more cost-effective to rely on social a mbitions rather than health arguments to encourage change, DRC linked hygiene promotion whole kit with social and cultural values, norms as well as NFI distributions, such that all hygiene promotions were linked with cultural problems of Nuer society and social values. As a result good improvements in both hand 19 washing and safe stool disposal were registered. This can be confirmed by looking at the end line KAP survey results. 7. Waste and Waste Management The majority of disease measures are related to environmental conditions appropriate shelter, clean water, good sanitation, and vector control, personal protection such as (insecticide-treated nets, personal hygiene and health promotion). Appropriate dissolution disposal mechanism is vital to avoid environmental pollution and breading place for vectors and pathogens. In this regards, the majority of the respondents (75%) indicated that they are now burning the household solid wastes on well-timed(a) bases (Figure 24). The nu mber of respondents who had been disposing solid wastes in open space and river significantly decreased after the interventions.Figure 24 waste disposal practice 20 The problems concerning waste were indicated in flies, bad smell, breeding place for mosquitoes. Majority of the respondents understand that appropriate solid waste disposal plays a vital role in minimizing the breading of vectors and other pathogens (Figure 25). Figure 25 Problems related to waste disposal The majority of respondents indicated that the practice used to dispose household waste is burning. Improvement in waste disposal and keep the villages clean is observed by DRC field staffs. Similarly the views of the majority of the respondents on the attributes of clean and health village is improved.It is noted that availability of safe water, cleanness of the village and availability of latrine considered by more than three fourth of the respondents as the attributes of clean and health village in the end-line su rvey. But those we stated the same were nearly 50% in the baseline survey. 21 Similarly, the benefits of keeping a village were mainly identified as decrease of diseases occurrence, improved beauty of village, minimized presence of mosquitoes and flies by more than three fourth of the respondents in the end-line where as this nearly 53% in the baseline. From end-line survey, it can be inferred that majority of respondents indicated that important public health factors such as availability of safe water and atrines, absence of stagnant water and mosquitoes among the attributes of an healthy village. They also noted that this has great impact in reduction of infection disease prevalence. Hence, it can be concluded that the understanding of the majority of the respondents on disease transmission, transmission routes and its preventions staggeringly improved after the interventions. 22 8 Conclusion Diarrhoea causes dehydration and kills approximately 2. 2 million people, mostly childre n, every year. Children are more likely than adults to die from diarrhea because they become dehydrated more quickly. In the past 10 years, diarrhea has killed more children than all of the people lost to armed conflict since World War II.Its occurrence is closely related to the opportunities that poor people (especially poor mothers) have to improve domestic hygiene10. Diarrhoea does not only cause disease and early death in children, but also affects childrens nutritional status, stunting childrens physical and intellectual growth over time. contend and eye infections are especially common in arid areas. Both diarrhoea and other septic diseases have health as well as socio-economic consequences. Washing more often can greatly reduce their spread11 . Similarly, the training manual of Amhara region indicated that improved hygiene, particularly hand washing at critical times can reduce diarrhea by one third and reduce malnutrition12. Soiled hands are an important source of transmit ting diarrhoeas.Recent research also suggests that hand washing is an important preventive measure in the incidence of acute respiratory infections, one of the top killer of children under five. 13 This KAP survey was conducted in order to compare its results with the results of the baseline survey, to identify whether the hygiene promotion activities conducted in the frame of the ECHO funded project had been effective. The baseline and end-line survey results revealed that positive results have been achieved in the overall hygiene situation. In the baseline survey the situation was poor i. e. lack of safe water, poor sanitation facilities, poor hygiene practice etc. At the end of the project, an improvement was noted in the overall hygiene and sanitation behaviour.Though improvements were noticed after the implementation of project, it should not be forgotten that it takes time to consolidate behaviour changes, so more follow up is necessary for further improvement. 10 11 12 (Curti s et al. , 2000). Brian Appleton and Christine van Wijk (IRC), 2003. Amhara regional State Health Bureau, 2011 Isabel Carter, 2005 13 See for instance the study of Ryan et al. published in 2001 23 9 RECOMMENDATIONS Although the WASH project can been seen as a success, the team noted some recommendations for future interventions. ? ? invention 15 shell wells in Lolkuach village so that inhabitants meet SPHERE standards Assess whether it is assertable to dig wells in the locations where people move to during the dry season ?Introduce rain water harvesting techniques, which are easy sources of potable water and would reduce the distance travelled to access water, hence improving the protection status of the women and girls that are responsible for this task. ? ? Follow up on well water quality in rehabilitated wells Although respondents recognized that animal feces can contaminate water, only 15% in the end-line noted that the proximity of a latrine to a water source can contaminate drinking water. 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